ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎢ (Grammar)

☞ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎢ - “His ongoing speaking - his ongoing knowing how.”

Clitics

☞ Don’t get hung up on grammar information. Grammar is not something that needs to be memorized or fully understood. It is through the exercises in the lesson material that you will learn how to understand and speak Cherokee, not by memorizing rules and word parts.

Clitics are special word endings that are used to add or change the meanings of existing words. They are a very powerful feature of the Cherokee language and allow you to express a great many complicated things in short order. It is important to note that these endings cannot be used alone. They must always be combined with an existing word to form a new word.

  • -Ꮂ
    [-hv] “But?”

When we add “-hv” to the end of the first word in a sentence, we indicate we are asking “But for?”.

Examples:

  • ᏌᏊ. ᏌᏊᎲ? “One. But for the one?”

  • ᏂᎯ. ᏂᎯᎲ? “You. But for you?”

  • -Ꮎ
    [-na] “What of? What about?”

When we add “-na” to the end of the first word in a sentence, we indicate we are asking “What about? What of?”.

Examples:

  • ᏌᏊ. ᏌᏊᎾ? “One. What of the one?”

  • ᎠᏴ. ᎠᏴᎾ? “Me. What about me?”

  • -ᏍᎪ, -Ꮝ
    [-sgo, -s] “Yes or No?”

When we add “-ᏍᎪ” to the end of the first word in a sentence, we indicate we are asking “Is it?”.

Examples:

  • ᎰᏩ. ᎰᏩᏍ? “Okay. Is it Okay?”

  • ᏌᏊ. ᏌᏊᏍ? “One. Is it one?”

  • ᎠᏴ. ᎠᏴᏍᎪ. “Me. Is it me?”

  • ᏂᎯ. ᏂᎯᏍ. “You. Is it you?”

  • ᎥᏝ. ᎥᏝᏍᎪ? “No. Is it no?”

The short form “-Ꮝ” is used more often than the full form “-ᏍᎪ”.

  • -Ꮚ
    [-gwu] “Just. Only.”

When we add “-Ꮚ” to the end of a word, it is like adding “just” or “only” before the word in English.

Examples:

  • ᏌᏊ. ᏌᏊᏊ. “One. Just one.”

  • ᎣᏍᏓ. ᎣᏍᏓᏊ. “Good. Only good.”

  • -Ꮷ
    [-ju] “It is, isn’t it? Right?”

When we add “-Ꮷ” to the end of the first word in a sentence we are asking “It is, isn’t it?”.

  • ᎰᏩ. ᎰᏩᏧ? “Okay. It’s okay, right?”

  • ᏌᏊ. ᏌᏊᏧ? “One. It is one, right?”

When we combine these special endings with our existing vocabulary, we greatly expand what we can express. Here are some possible combinations:

  1. Ayv. “I.”

    1. Ayvju? “It is me, right?”

    2. Ayvgwu. “It is just me.”

    3. Ayvna? “What about me?”

    4. Ayvhv? “But for me?”

    5. Ayvnahv? “But what about me?”

    6. Ayvgwuju? “It is just me, right?”

  2. Nihi. “You.”

    1. Nihiju? “It is you, right?”

    2. Nihigwu. “It is just you.”

    3. Nihina? “What about you?”

    4. Nihihv? “But for you?”

    5. Nihinahv? “But what about you?”

    6. Nihigwuju? “It is just you, right?”

  3. Howa. “Okay.”

    1. Howaju? “It is okay, right?”

  4. Osda. “Good.”

    1. Osdaju? “It is good, right?”

    2. Osdagwu. “It is only good.”

  5. Uyoi. “Bad.”

    1. Uyoiju? “It is bad, right?”

    2. Uyoigwu. “It is only bad.”

  6. Jalagi. “Cherokee.”

    1. Jalagiju? “It is Cherokee, right?”

    2. Jalagigwu. “It is only Cherokee.”

    3. Jalagigwuju? “It is only Cherokee, right?”

ᏘᎪᎵᏯ (Read them)

Review the following vocabulary.

  • ᎠᎭᏫ, ᎠᏫ
    [ạ²hạ²wi, ạ²hwi] “A deer. Deer.”

  • ᎪᏪᎵ
    [go²hwe²li] “A sheet of paper.”

    • ᏗᎪᏪᎵ
      [dị²go²hwe²li] “Sheets of paper.”

  • ᎫᎴ
    [gu²le] “An acorn. Acorns.”

  • ᏙᏯ
    [do²ya] “A beaver. Beaver.”

  • ᏚᏯ
    [tu²³ya] “A bean. Beans.”

  • ᏥᏍᏚ
    [ji²sdu] “A rabbit. Rabbits.”

  • ᏩᎭᏯ, ᏩᏯ
    [wạ²hạ²ya, wạ²hya] “A wolf. Wolves.”

The following special phrase is introduced in the ᏂᏔᏛᎦ exercise:

  • Ꮭ _____ ᏱᎩ.
    “It isn’t _____.”

Examples:

  • ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ. “A good beaver.”

    • Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ ᏱᎩ. “It isn’t a good beaver.”

    • ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ ᏱᎩ. “No, it isn’t a good beaver.”

  • ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ. “The wolf is bad.”

    • Ꮭ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ. “The wolf isn’t bad.”

    • ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ. “No, the wolf isn’t bad.”

  • ᏩᏯ ᎠᏂ. “The wolf is here.”

    • Ꮭ ᏩᏯ ᎠᏂ ᏱᎩ. “The wolf isn’t here.”

    • ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏩᏯ ᎠᏂ ᏱᎩ. “No, the wolf isn’t here.”

ᏂᏔᏛᎦ (Do them)

You will need the following props:

  • Two slips of paper with “ᎤᏲᎢ” on them.

  • Two slips of paper with “ᎣᏍᏓ” on them.

  • A sheet of paper with only Cherokee writing on it.

  • A sheet of paper with only English writing on it.

  • A woman doll.

  • A man doll.

  • A toy dog.

  • A toy cat*.*

  • A toy deer.

  • A toy wolf.

  • A toy rabbit.

  • A toy beaver.

  • A potato.

  • A rock.

  • An acorn.

  • A bean.

☞ During the exercises you must pretend that the people and animals are alive.

☞ Substitute pictures or drawings as needed.

Divide up into groups of three to six. If you don’t have enough people, use props for imaginary people and act the imaginary people out.

Groups of three or more

Using pillows or other props, add enough imaginary study partners to create a group of six.

For each group the first person is designated “Ꭰ”. The second person is designated “Ꭱ”. The remaining people are grouped together and are designated “Ꭲ”. After each set, rotate positions so that “Ꭰ” becomes the “Ꭱ”, the “Ꭱ” becomes one of the “Ꭲ”, and one of the “Ꭲ” becomes the “Ꭰ”.

☞ Keep rotating until everyone has been in position “Ꭱ”, starting over with the first set of challenges as needed.

☞ Any imaginary study partners always stay as one of the “Ꭲ” and do not rotate.

☞ The “Ꭰ” responses should be read from the book. The “Ꭱ” responses should be done without reading the book.

Each challenge-response comes in one of five main forms and should be done as in the following examples:

  1. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᏯ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
    “Ꭰ” places a beaver with “ᎤᏲᎢ” and a man with “ᎣᏍᏓ” before “Ꭱ”.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎣᏍᏓ.
      “Ꭰ” says to “Ꭱ”: The man is good.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᏙᏯᎾ?
      “Ꭱ” asks about the other one: What about the beaver?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.
      “Ꭰ” responds to “Ꭱ”: The beaver is bad.

  2. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.
    “Ꭰ” places a deer with “ᎣᏍᏓ” and a wolf with “ᎤᏲᎢ” before “Ꭱ”.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?
      “Ꭰ” asks “Ꭱ”: Is the deer bad?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᎠᎭᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.
      “Ꭱ” looks at the deer and responds: No, it isn’t a bad deer.

  3. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
    “Ꭰ” places a deer with “ᎤᏲᎢ” and a man with “ᎣᏍᏓ” before “Ꭱ”.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?
      “Ꭰ” asks “Ꭱ”: Yes, the deer is bad, right?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ.
      “Ꭱ” looks at the deer and responds: Yes, the deer is bad.

  4. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.
    “Ꭰ” places a deer with “ᎤᏲᎢ” and a wolf with “ᎤᏲᎢ” before “Ꭱ”.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫᏊᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?
      “Ꭰ” asks “Ꭱ”: Is just the deer bad?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᎠᎭᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.
      “Ꭱ” looks at the deer and wolf and responds: No, the deer is bad and the wolf is bad.

  5. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.
    “Ꭰ” places a rabbit with “ᎤᏲᎢ” and a cat with “ᎤᏲᎢ” before “Ꭱ”.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚᏊᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?
      “Ꭰ” asks “Ꭱ”: Yes, just the rabbit is bad, right?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᏥᏍᏚ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏲᎢ.
      “Ꭱ” looks at the rabbit and cat and responds: No, the rabbit is bad and the cat is bad.

Someone Alone

Using pillows or other props, add enough imaginary study partners to create a group of six.

On index cards, slips of paper, or something similar, write out the “Ꭰ” challenges on each of the front sides along with the correct “Ꭱ” responses on the reverse side for the first set of challenges. Do this for each challenge as listed. There may be challenges and responses repeated. Keep the cards in order.

☞ The “Ꭰ” responses should be read from the cards. The “Ꭱ” responses should be done without reading the cards.

For “Set 1”:

Place the stack of index cards, challenge side up, response side down.

For each challenge that uses props place the appropriate items in easy reach and just outside of easy reach.

Have an imaginary study partner “Ꭰ”. Start out as the “Ꭱ” person. After each set switch places with your imaginary study partner. You must act out both sides.

Flip the card over and check your response against the response on the response side of the index card.

For each remaining set:

Adjust the index cards to match the new set, creating new ones as needed, and removing those not in the set. Follow the instructions previously given for “Set 1”.

Sets

☞ Repeat these until everyone can do the “Ꭱ” responses smoothly without having to reference the material.

Set 1

  1. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᏯ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎣᏍᏛ.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᏙᏯᎾ?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  2. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏲᏁᎦ ᎪᏪᎵ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏲᏁᎦ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏲᎢ.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᏣᎳᎩᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  3. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫᏊᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᎠᎭᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  4. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᎭᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎠᎨᏯᎾ?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎨᏯ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  5. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏄᎾ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎫᎴ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎫᎴ ᎣᏍᏓ.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᏄᎾᎾ?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏄᎾ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  6. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᏫᏊᏍ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  7. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚᏊᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᏥᏍᏚ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  8. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯᏊᏍ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᏙᏯ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  9. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᎠᎭᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

  10. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᎨᏯᏊᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, ᎠᎨᏯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎣᏍᏛ.

Set 2

  1. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏥᏍᏚᏍ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

  2. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  3. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᏯ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯᏍᎪ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏙᏯ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏱᎩ.

  4. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  5. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᎨᏯᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᎨᏯ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  6. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎩᏟᏧ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎩᏟ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  7. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

  8. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎩᏟᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎩᏟ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  9. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏪᏌᏧ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏪᏌ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏱᎩ.

  10. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᎭᏫᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᎠᎭᏫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᎩ.

Set 3

  1. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏯᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

  2. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᏯ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯᏍ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏙᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  3. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏧ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏱᎩ.

  4. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᏯᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  5. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏥᏍᏚᏍ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  6. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎩᏟᏍᎪ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎩᏟ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  7. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᎭᏯᏍ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

  8. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᏯᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏯ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  9. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᏙᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏙᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏙᏯᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  10. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏪᏌᏍ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᏝ, Ꮭ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏱᎩ.

Set 4

  1. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫᏊᏍ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᎭᏫᏊ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  2. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᎭᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  3. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᏫᏊᏍᎪ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫᏊ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  4. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᏙᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏙᏯᏊᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏙᏯᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  5. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᏩᎭᏯᏊᏍ ᎣᏍᏓ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯᏊ ᎣᏍᏓ.

  6. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚᏊᏧ ᎣᏍᏛ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏥᏍᏚᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ.

  7. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᎨᏯ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏯᏊᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏯᏊ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  8. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏪᏌ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫᏊᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᎠᏫᏊ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  9. [Ꭰ] ᎣᏍᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᎭᏯ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯᏊᏧ ᎤᏲᎢ?

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎥᎥ, ᏩᎭᏯᏊ ᎤᏲᎢ.

  10. [Ꭰ] ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎭᏫ. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎩᏟ.

    1. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎩᏟ ᎤᏲᎢ.

    2. [Ꭱ→Ꭰ] ᎠᎭᏫᎾ?

    3. [Ꭰ→Ꭱ] ᎠᎭᏫ ᎤᏲᎢ.

ᏙᏪᎸᎦ (Write them)

Write out each of the following Cherokee sentences followed by an English translation.

The first one has been done as an example. When done, compare your answers to the answers at the end of this section.

☞ The challenges and answers show some pronunciation marks. They have been added to help you with remembering critical pronunciations. You should not write them out.

Challenges

Set 1

  1. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᎩᏟᏊ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The women see only the dogs.

  2. ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  3. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎭᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

  4. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  5. ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍᎪ?

  6. ᎠᎨᏯ ᏩᏯᏊ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  7. ᎠᏴᏊ ᎩᏟ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  8. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏧ ᏩᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

Set 2

  1. ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  2. ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍᎪ?

  3. ᏕᎯ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

  4. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏧ ᏪᏌ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  5. ᏪᏌᏊ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  6. ᎠᎨᏯᏍ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  7. ᎠᏫᏍᎪ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  8. ᏣᎳᎩᏧ?

Set 3

  1. ᏄᎾᏍ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  2. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍᎪ ᎠᎭᏫ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ?

  3. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᏄᎾᏊ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  4. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  5. ᎠᎨᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  7. ᏕᎯ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  8. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

Set 4

  1. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  2. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏍᎪ ᏅᏯᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  3. ᎯᎳ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏯ? ᎯᏍᎩᏍ?

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  5. ᎤᏲᎢᏊᏍ?

  6. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  7. ᏅᏯᏊ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  8. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏪᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

Set 5

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

  2. Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  3. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᏚᏯᏊ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  5. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏍ ᎠᎭᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  7. ᏙᏯᏍ ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  8. ᏅᏯ ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

Set 6

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  2. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᎫᎴ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  3. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏊ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  5. ᎫᎴ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  6. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏊ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  7. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᏚᏯᏊ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  8. ᏲᏁᎦᎲ?

Set 7

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  2. ᏴᏭᏁᎦᏊᏧ?

  3. ᏙᏯ ᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  4. ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

  5. ᎠᎭᏫᏍᎪ ᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  7. ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

  8. ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

Set 8

  1. ᎠᎨᏯ ᎠᏫᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  2. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏊ ᏄᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  3. ᎣᏍᏓᏊᏧ?

  4. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏊ ᏚᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

  5. ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

  6. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏧ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  7. ᎠᎨᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

  8. ᏄᎾᏍ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

Answers

Set 1

  1. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᎩᏟᏊ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The women see only the dogs.

  2. ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see them.

  3. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎭᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

    1. The man is only seeing the wolves.

  4. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do the men see it?

  5. ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍᎪ?

    1. Do I see them?

  6. ᎠᎨᏯ ᏩᏯᏊ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The woman sees only the wolves.

  7. ᎠᏴᏊ ᎩᏟ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. Only I am seeing the dog.

  8. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏧ ᏩᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. The women see the wolf, right?

Set 2

  1. ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. You see them.

  2. ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍᎪ?

    1. Do I see them?

  3. ᏕᎯ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

    1. Do you see them?

  4. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏧ ᏪᏌ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. The man sees the cats, right?

  5. ᏪᏌᏊ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see only the cat.

  6. ᎠᎨᏯᏍ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Does the woman see the rocks?

  7. ᎠᏫᏍᎪ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do I see a deer?

  8. ᏣᎳᎩᏧ?

    1. It is Cherokee, right?

Set 3

  1. ᏄᎾᏍ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do I see the potato?

  2. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍᎪ ᎠᎭᏫ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ?

    1. Are the men only seeing the deer?

  3. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᏄᎾᏊ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Are the men seeing only the potatoes?

  4. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. They see the papers.

  5. ᎠᎨᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The woman see them.

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Is only the man seeing the papers?

  7. ᏕᎯ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. You see them.

  8. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see the men.

Set 4

  1. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see the rabbit.

  2. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏍᎪ ᏅᏯᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Is the man seeing only the rock?

  3. ᎯᎳ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏯ? ᎯᏍᎩᏍ?

    1. How many beans? Is it five?

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Does the woman see it?

  5. ᎤᏲᎢᏊᏍ?

    1. Is it just bad?

  6. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The women see them.

  7. ᏅᏯᏊ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see only the rock.

  8. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏪᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The women see only the cat.

Set 5

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

    1. The men are only seeing the deer.

  2. Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see it.

  3. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The men see the dog.

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᏚᏯᏊ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Is the woman seeing only the beans?

  5. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏍ ᎠᎭᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do the women see the deer?

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏯ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The man sees the beaver.

  7. ᏙᏯᏍ ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do you see the beavers?

  8. ᏅᏯ ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see the rocks.

Set 6

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The men see it.

  2. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᎫᎴ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Are only the women seeing the acorns?

  3. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The man sees the wolf.

  4. ᎠᎨᏯᏊ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. Only the woman sees the rabbits.

  5. ᎫᎴ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see the acorn.

  6. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏊ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. Only the men see the acorn.

  7. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏍᎪ ᏚᏯᏊ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Are the women seeing only the bean?

  8. ᏲᏁᎦᎲ?

    1. But for it being English?

Set 7

  1. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The men see the wolves.

  2. ᏴᏭᏁᎦᏊᏧ?

    1. It is just English, right?

  3. ᏙᏯ ᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. You see the beaver.

  4. ᏥᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

    1. Do I see him/her?

  5. ᎠᎭᏫᏍᎪ ᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do you see a deer?

  6. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏍ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Does the man see them?

  7. ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮵ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭᏊ.

    1. I am only seeing the paper.

  8. ᏕᏥ̣ᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. I see them.

Set 8

  1. ᎠᎨᏯ ᎠᏫᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. The woman sees only the deer.

  2. ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏊ ᏄᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. Only the man sees the potato.

  3. ᎣᏍᏓᏊᏧ?

    1. It is just good, right?

  4. ᎠᏂᎨᏯᏊ ᏚᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ.

    1. Only the women see the beans.

  5. ᎦᎯᎪᏩᏘᎭᏍ?

    1. Do you see them?

  6. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏧ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. The men see the papers, right?

  7. ᎠᎨᏯᏊᏍᎪ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Is only the woman seeing the rabbit?

  8. ᏄᎾᏍ ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᎭ?

    1. Do they see the potatoes?